Cystic Fibrosis

The site where I recieved my information is of following

http://www.cff.org/AboutCF/

1. What are the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

The symptoms of Cystic fibrosis are salty-tasting skin, persistent coughing, frequent lung infections, shortness of breath or wheezing, poor growth, weight gain, and/or bulky stools.

2. How common is this disorder?
In about 1,000 cases of Cystic fibrosis are diagnosed every year. More than 45% of the Cystic fibrosis patient population is age 18 and up. Over 70% of patients diagnosed are by the age of two. The median age of a survival for a person that has CF is in the late 30’s.

3. How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?
Cystic fibrosis is diagnosed by the clogging of the lungs that leads to life-threatening lung infections. Also obstruction to the pancreas that stops natural enzymes from breaking down or absorbing food in the body.

4. How is cystic fibrosis inherited? Does everyone who has a mutant gene for the protein have cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited chronic disease affecting the lungs and digestive system of 30,000 children and adults in the U.S. (70,000 worldwide) 10 million Americans are carriers of the defective gene that show no symptoms the having CF. The product of the defective gene and the product cause the body to produce think sticky mucus.

http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/MRC/3/page3.html

1. Explain the normal function of the protein that is defective in cystic fibrosis.
The CF transmembrane regulator ( CFTR) protein makes the chloride channel. This proteins normal function controls the flow of chloride ions from the cell.
2. What happens to this protein in CF patients and what are the consequences for the health of these individuals?                    
A person with CF has the cital chloride channel blocked. There is no movement of chloride ions into the mucus and the mucus starts to dry out.  

For the questions below this is the link to where I received all of my information.

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cystic-fibrosis/DS00287

1. Explain at least 3 treatments for the symptoms of cystic fibrosis.
Three treatments for CF are Antibiotics, Mucus-thinning drugs, and therapy.
The Antibiotics are the drugs that help prevent lungs infections. These can be swalloed in pill form, inhaled in mist or delivered intravenously. Mucus-thinning drugs reduce the stickiness of the mucus to it makes coughing it up easier, helping the lung function properly.Therapy helps physically remove the think mucus from the lungs. By clapping on the back and front chest with cupped hands also helps get it out.

2. Discuss at least 3 ways for parents to help their children who have cystic fibrosis.
Parents that have children with cystic fibrosis should have their child exercise, drink lots of fluids, and keep immunizations up to date.
Exercise helps loosen mucus that is in the airways and heps strengthen the heart and lungs. Anything that gets the child moving would help loosen up that mucus.
Keeping immunizations up to date such as the influenza vaccines helps because although CF doesn’t affect the immune system the child still is more likely to develope complications when becoming sick.

Osmosis experiment(:

At first me, Josh, and Sam had to come up with a lab experiment that shows osmosis. The supplies given to us where cups, baggies, and a scale that measured weight in grams. We all came to a conclusion of how we were gonna conduct this experiment. First we gathered all of our experiment materials and placed them in our lab area. The experiment had to be controlled, so we filled our 3 cups with 5 oz. of water and selected our three baggies to put our substances into. Opening the top of the baggy I tied the bottom of the bag with about 5 inches of string so that our inside substances wouldn't come out the bottom. After all 3 baggies were tied we filled each with water, but not too much water to where we couldn't add anything into it. Now it was time to add our substances into the bags of water. 3 different types of products we were gonna test. Equate Antacids, Cheerios, and Light Corn Syrup we chosen to use. Crushing the 3 antacids, I had to make sure that the pieces were small enough to fit and cause osmosis. When it was finally crushed, Sam held open the bag and I poured the entire substance into the  baggy. Finally, I tied the top of the bag and we set it aside. We followed the same steps with the cheerios. From crushing up 4 cheerios, to adding it into the water and tying the top. This time if the corn syrup we just had to pour some corn syrup into the baggie. After tying that last baggy, we grabbed all baggies with the substances in it, and weighed each separately. The baggy with the antacid results showed 12.88 grams. The baggy with the cheerios weighed 10.78. Next we weighed the baggy with the corn syrup showing 5.86. After all three were weighed we dropped them into the 3 seperate cups we started with. Our times to  analyze our data was in 1 hour and a day later. An hour later I came in and took out the 3 baggies and dried them all. Once they were dried I took each and placed it on the scale one at a time and recorded its grams. Antacids pulled in 1.11 oz and now weighing 13. 99 oz. Cheerios pulled in .97 oz now weighing 11. 71 oz. Corn syrup gained .73 oz now weighing. The following day we then measured their weight once more. Antacids started with 12. 88 then an hour later weighed 13.99 and a day later weighed 13.55. Cheerios started with 10.78 then 11.71 and ended with 11.59. Corn syrup started with 5.86 then an hour later weighed 6.59 and ended with 5.95. My results showed that with their starting weighted osmosis allowed water in the hour before I collected my results. A day later osmosis occurred when letting water out because each weighed less than the hour later analysis.  

Osmosis 

By definition, osmosis is the tendency of a fluid, usually water to pass through asemipremeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration in higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane. In our lab osmosis occurred because water passed through the baggy from the outside inside of the baggy. Where the concentration is higher the water goes into.  Connceting this to my lab, the water passed into the baggy because the concentration was higher and making it weigh more than it did before.

PH Lab

In this lab me and megan both selected 4 antacids to mix in vinegar. We then filled 4 cups with 25mL of vinegar. Next we took we picked out 4 different types of antacids to test in the vinegar. First we took the PH number of vinegar to see which antacid works best. Vinegar showed a PH number of 2 to start with. Next we started to add our antacids into the cups. Peppermint Antacid with the lowest milligrams was crushed into powder and mixed with the vinegar. Once mixed we took its PH number the the PH tape. Our results showed that the PH number is 5 because we compared its color to the key on the box. Next we took the Equate regular antacid and once again crushed it into powered to mix with the vinegar.  With the PH tape we took its PH number getting a 4. Rolaids had the next lowest dosage and so we crushed it and poured its powered into the vinegar filled cup. Mixed and tested, we came out with a PH number of 6. Finally Extra Rolaids Antacid had the highest dosage number and it was time to test it. Once it was mixed with the vinegar we took its PH number getting a 5. The results show the lowest dosage of Peppermint antacids and the highest dosage of Extra Rolaids both showed the same PH Number, 5. The Equate Regulars showed 4 with a lower PH number and Rolaids with a 6 being the highest PH number received in the entire experiment. Although both the lowest and highest dosage of  antacids showed the same results, meaning they work the exact same the Rolaids having a PH number of 6 shows it works better than all the other antacids used in the experiment.

Carbs

1. What is a Macromolecule?
A macromolecule isa molecule containt a very large number of atoms. Also a class of large molecules.

2. What is a monomer?
A small  molecule that is a subunits of a polymer.

3. What is a ploymer?
It's the largest macromolecule because they are linked together by large numbers of subunits called momomers.

4. List the 4 main types of Macromolecules?
Type                        Example
Proteins                   Polypeptide
Lipids                     Fat
Carbohydrates        Polysaccharide
Nucleic Acids         DNA, RNA

5. What are the types of reactions that Macromolecules are shown to undergo?
Macromolecules under hydrolysis reactions and  and condensation reactions.

6. Describe how monomers are joined together.
Momomers are joined by dehydration synthesis.A covalent bond is formed between 2 monomers while water is formed by the OH groups.

7. Describe now polymers are broken down.
Polymers are broken down by hydrolysis reactions. A water molecule with the help of a hydrolase enzyme breaks the covalent bond that is holding the monomers together.

8. What's the specific name for the bond between simple sugar monomers?
A covalent bond.

9. Which kind of enzyme joins monomers together?
The hydrolase enzyme is what joins monomers together.

10. Describe how you had to arrange the sugar monomers in order to build a polysaccharide.
First I added a sugar molecule to another sugar molecule to form a glycosidic linkage. Next I add another  sugar molecule to the other two sugar molecules. The oxygen molecules hold the sugar molecules together when i rotated it. I rotated it to separate the hydrogen molecules so that once the oxygen molecules where connected H2O was formed. Once all 4 sugar molecules where linked the bonds where held together and I created a 4-molecule polysaccharide.

11. Which building blocks of macromolecules are not used in building carbohydrates?
Amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotide are not used to build a carbohydrate.

12. Why is sugar stored as glycogen in the human body?
Glycogen is stored in the human body. Glycogen is stored in the muscles and once its stored in the muscles it can't be released. Also it's stored in the liver because the liver helps regulate the amount of sugar goes into the blood stream. This balances out our blood sugar levels.

13. Why are plant foods essential in animal life?
Glucose is the fuel in all living things. Plants produce sugar during there living process. Our bodies have a hard time producing glucose and by eating vegetables and fruits we take in all of that glucose to store.

14. Describe how starch is digested by animals.
The starch first starts to digest first in the mouth with salivary amylase. It goes into the small intestines digesting in pancreatic amylase. Glucoamylase breaks the short chains of alpha-dextrin(glucoses) into individual glucose molecules that are then absorbed.

15. What is fiber and why is it important in your diet?
Fiber is filament formed from vegetable tissue, mineral substance, or textile. Fiber is important in our diet because it reduces the risk of cancers, diabetes, digestive disorders and heart disease.

16. What causes you to pass gas(fart) according to the article?
Indigestable carbohydrates produce gas.

17.disadvantages to a low-carb diet.
The disadvantages are that in the first few months there is a great weight loss but in the 12 months both energy and low-carb diets have the same results. Also you don't get enough carbs.

18. Sugars and cavities formation
Acid-producer+Carbohydrates+teeth= Cavities
When you eating sugars it produces acids that cause cavities.

All About Water

We use water in everything we do such as cooking, hygiene, swimming, drinking, watering plants, and even fun activities. Organisms are over 80% water and waters properties and the way we use it is very important.  For every oxygen atom there is two hydrogen atoms. Oxgyen is short two electron in its outer shell and hydrogen is short one electron in its single shell and by sharing electrons they complete each others shell and make water.

In class we did an experiment where we would drop water drop by drop onto penny to see how many drops of water would stay on the penny before its bond broke. The water was very adhesive to the penny because it stuck to it well. On the wax paper the water wasn't as adhesive because you could easily move it around. Water is cohesive because although water flows freely the water molecules don't separate. Surface tension allows the water to attract to one another. Its lowest energy state surrounds the area around the molecule and as gravity acts on it it gives us the shape of the sphere that we see.

Water has high surface tension because of its hydrogen bonding. Water striders, insects walking on the surface of water, humans skipping rocks are able to do all this because of this property.

In text books the scientific method is simplified into five easy steps but in reality it's not that simple. Scientists work in different sequences and repeat the same step for accuracy and new ideas. In order to experiment scientists need an independent variable and dependent variable. An independent variable is the factor being changed in the experiment. In the corn experiment the types of corn or the amount of bugs you added to the one type of corn. The dependent variable is what you measured in the experiment. During the corn experiment the dependent variable was the corn growth in one-hundred and four days. The growth was effected by the infestation on both experiences.

Placebo is a pill that is an inactive medication. It is given somehow to the person and they mentally believe they are getting better, but their mind is making itself better. Any effect in improvement of health is called the placebo effect. In some trials,  placebo can be given to a group rather then a drug. It's like the enthusiasm of the patients new drug, could help with the excitement they could get better.

















2 dif corn...independant variable..how they grow is dependent